The Dutch American Friendship Treaty (DAFT) visa remains one of the most accessible pathways for US citizens to establish legal residence in Europe. Requiring a relatively low investment of €4,500 in a Dutch business, it offers a two-year renewable residence permit with a path to permanent residency.
How DAFT Works
Under the treaty, US citizens can register a business in the Netherlands — either a sole proprietorship (eenmanszaak) or a limited company (BV) — and apply for a self-employment residence permit. The business must be viable and contribute to the Dutch economy, but there are no specific revenue requirements in the first years.
The €4,500 investment must be deposited in a Dutch business bank account and be available to use for business operations. It does not need to be spent immediately but must be accessible for business purposes.
Practical Considerations
DAFT visa holders must register with the Dutch Chamber of Commerce (KvK), obtain a BSN number, and arrange Dutch health insurance. They can work exclusively for their own business — employment with a Dutch company requires a separate work permit.
After five years of continuous residence, DAFT visa holders can apply for permanent Dutch residence or Dutch citizenship, which grants full EU rights.